“Abelian Group”的概念、定义、习题解题方法及翻译-数学辞典

单词

Abelian Group

释义

Abelian Group

N.B. A detailed on-line essay by S. Finchwas the starting point for this entry.

A Group for which the elements Commute (i.e., for all elements and ) iscalled an Abelian group. All Cyclic Groups are Abelian, but an Abelian group is not necessarilyCyclic. All Subgroups of anAbelian group are Normal. In an Abelian group, each element is in a Conjugacy Class byitself, and the Character Table involves Powers of a single element known as aGenerator.

No general formula is known for giving the number of nonisomorphic Finite Groups of a givenOrder. However, the number of nonisomorphic Abelian Finite Groups ofany given Order is given by writing as

(1)

where the

are distinct Prime Factors, then

(2)

where

is the Partition Function. This gives 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 3, 2, ...(Sloane's A000688). The smallest orders for which

, 2, 3, ... nonisomorphic Abelian groups exist are 1, 4, 8, 36, 16,72, 32, 900, 216, 144, 64, 1800, 0, 288, 128, ... (Sloane's A046056), where 0 denotes an impossible number (i.e., not a productof partition numbers) of nonisomorphic Abelian, groups. The ``missing'' values are 13, 17, 19, 23, 26, 29, 31, 34, 37, 38,39, 41, 43, 46, ... (Sloane's A046064). The incrementally largest numbers of Abelian groups as a function of order are 1, 2, 3,5, 7, 11, 15, 22, 30, 42, 56, 77, 101, ... (Sloane's A046054), which occur for orders 1, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024,2048, 4096, 8192, ... (Sloane's A046055).

The Kronecker Decomposition Theorem states that every Finite Abelian group can be written as a DirectProduct of Cyclic Groups of Prime Power Orders. If the Orders of a Finite Group is a Prime , then there exists a singleAbelian group of order (denoted ) and no non-Abelian groups. If the Order is a prime squared, then there are two Abelian groups (denoted and . If the Order is aprime cubed , then there are three Abelian groups (denoted , , and), and five groups total. If the Order is a Product of two primes and , thenthere exists exactly one Abelian group of order (denoted ).

Another interesting result is that if denotes the number of nonisomorphic Abelian groups of Order , then

(3)

where

is the Riemann Zeta Function. Srinivasan (1973) has also shown that

(4)

where

(5)

and

is again the Riemann Zeta Function. [Richert (1952) incorrectly gave

.] DeKoninck and Ivic(1980) showed that

(6)

where

(7)

is a product over Primes. Bounds for the number of nonisomorphic non-Abelian groups are given by Neumann (1969) and Pyber (1993).

See also Finite Group, Group Theory, Kronecker Decomposition Theorem, Partition Function P, Ring

References

DeKoninck, J.-M. and Ivic, A. Topics in Arithmetical Functions: Asymptotic Formulae for Sums of Reciprocals of Arithmetical Functions and Related Fields. Amsterdam, Netherlands: North-Holland, 1980.

Erdös, P. and Szekeres, G. ``Über die Anzahl abelscher Gruppen gegebener Ordnung und über ein verwandtes zahlentheoretisches Problem.'' Acta Sci. Math. (Szeged) 7, 95-102, 1935.

Finch, S. ``Favorite Mathematical Constants.'' http://www.mathsoft.com/asolve/constant/abel/abel.html

Kendall, D. G. and Rankin, R. A. ``On the Number of Abelian Groups of a Given Order.'' Quart. J. Oxford 18, 197-208, 1947.

Kolesnik, G. ``On the Number of Abelian Groups of a Given Order.'' J. Reine Angew. Math. 329, 164-175, 1981.

Neumann, P. M. ``An Enumeration Theorem for Finite Groups.'' Quart. J. Math. Ser. 2 20, 395-401, 1969.

Pyber, L. ``Enumerating Finite Groups of Given Order.'' Ann. Math. 137, 203-220, 1993.

Richert, H.-E. ``Über die Anzahl abelscher Gruppen gegebener Ordnung I.'' Math. Zeitschr. 56, 21-32, 1952.

Sloane, N. J. A. SequenceA000688/M0064in ``An On-Line Version of the Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences.''http://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/eisonline.html and Sloane, N. J. A. and Plouffe, S.The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. San Diego: Academic Press, 1995.

Srinivasan, B. R. ``On the Number of Abelian Groups of a Given Order.'' Acta Arith. 23, 195-205, 1973.

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