Poincaré duality
If is a compact, oriented, -dimensional manifold, then there is a canonical (though non-natural (http://planetmath.org/NaturalTransformation)) isomorphism
(where is the th homology group of with integer coefficients and the th cohomology
(http://planetmath.org/DeRhamCohomology) group) for all , which is given by cap product with a generator
of (a choice of a generator here corresponds to an orientation). This isomorphism exists withcoefficients in regardless of orientation.
This isomorphism gives a nice interpretation to cup product
. If are transverse submanifolds of , then is also a submanifold. All of these submanifolds represent homology classes of in the appropriate dimensions
, and
where is cup product, and in intersection, not cap product.