betweenness in rays
Let be a linear ordered geometry.Fix a point and consider the pencil of all raysemanating from it. Let . A point issaid to be an interior point of and if thereare points and such that
- 1.
and are on the same side of line , and
- 2.
and are on the same side of line .
A point is said to be between and ifthere are points and such that isbetween and . A point that is between two rays is aninterior point of these rays, but not vice versa in general. A ray is said to be between rays and if there is an interior point of and lyingon .
Properties
- 1.
Suppose and is between and . Then
- (a)
any point on is an interior point of and;
- (b)
any point on the line containing that is an interiorpoint of and must be a point on ;
- (c)
there is a point on that is between and. This is known as the Crossbar Theorem, the two “crossbars” being and a line segment
joining a point on and a point on ;
- (d)
if is defined as above, then any point between and is between and .
- (a)
- 2.
There are no rays between two opposite rays.
- 3.
If is between and , then is notbetween and .
- 4.
If has a ray between them, then and must lie on the same half plane of some line.
- 5.
The converse
of the above statement is true too: if are distinct rays that are not opposite ofone another, then there exist a ray such that is between and .
- 6.
Given with and. We can write as a disjoint union
oftwo subsets:
- (a)
,
- (b)
.
Let be two rays distinct from both and . Suppose and . Then belong to the same subset if and only if does not intersect either or .
- (a)
References
- 1 D. Hilbert, Foundations of Geometry, Open Court Publishing Co. (1971)
- 2 K. Borsuk and W. Szmielew, Foundations of Geometry, North-Holland Publishing Co. Amsterdam (1960)
- 3 M. J. Greenberg, Euclidean
and Non-Euclidean Geometries, Development
and History, W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco (1974)