counterexamples for products and coproduct

direct sum

1 Direct sum is not always a coproduct

For groups the notion of a direct sum (http://planetmath.org/DirectProductAndRestrictedDirectProductOfGroups) is in conflict with the categorical direct sum. For this reason a categorical direct sum is often called a coproduct instead. The following example illustrates the difference.

Let $\bigsqcup$ denote the disjoint union of sets.

The direct product of a family of groups $\{G_i:i\in I\}$ is the set of all functions $f:I\to {\bigsqcup }_{i\in I}{G}_i$ such that $f(i)\in G_i$. We usually denote this by

$$\prod _{i\in I}{G}_i.$$

This is a product in the category of all groups. This is a group under pointwise operations: $(fg)(i)=f(i)g(i)$ and all the group properties follow.

The direct sum is a subgroup of ${\prod }_{i\in I}{G}_i$ consisting of all $f:I\to {\bigsqcup }_{i\in I}{G}_i$ with the added property that

$$Suppf=\{i\in I:f(i)\ne 1\}$$

is a finite set, that is, $f$ has finite support. The notation for directsums is experiencing a shift from the historical sigma notation to the moderncircled plus; thus it is common to see any of the following two notations

$$\sum _{i\in I}{G}_i\text{ or }\underset{i\in I}{\oplus }{G}_i.$$

Proposition 1.

The direct sum and direct product are equal whenever $I$ is a finite set.That is, for any family $\mathrm{\{}{G}_i\mathrm{:}i\mathrm{\in }I\mathrm{\}}$ with $I$ finite, then

$$\prod _{i\in I}{G}_i=\underset{i\in I}{\oplus }{G}_i.$$

Remark 2.

The ‘$\mathrm{=}$’ here means an honest set equality even more than naturally isomorphic.

Proof.

Certainly $Suppf$ is a subset of $I$ and so $Suppf$ is finite.∎

Claim: The direct sum is not a coproduct in the category of all groups.

Example.Let $G_1=S_3$ and $G_2={\mathbb{Z}}_2$. We observe that $S_3\oplus {\mathbb{Z}}_2$ and is a group of order (http://planetmath.org/OrderGroup) 12. Now suppose that $\oplus$ is a coproduct for the category of groups. The canonical inclussion maps are

$${\iota }_1:S_3\to S_3\oplus {\mathbb{Z}}_2:\sigma \mapsto (\sigma ,0)$$

and

$${\iota }_2:{\mathbb{Z}}_2\to S_3\times {\mathbb{Z}}_2:n\mapsto (1,n).$$

Take the homomorphisms $f_1:S_3\to S_4$ – thenatural inclusion map of $S_3=⟨(123),(12)⟩$ treated as permutations on 4 letters fixing 4 – and $f_2:{\mathbb{Z}}_2\to S_4$given by $1\mapsto (14)$.

If indeed $\oplus$ is a coproduct in the category of groups then their existsa unique homomorphism $f:S_3\oplus {\mathbb{Z}}_2\to S_4$ such that$f_i=f{\iota }_i$, $i=1,2$. This means that

$$(123)=f_1((123))=f({\iota }_1(123))=f((123),0),(14)=f_2(1)=f({\iota }_2(1))=f(1,1).$$

Notice then that the image of $f$ in $S_4$ is all of $S_4$ since $⟨(123),(14)⟩=S_4$. But this is impossible since $|S_4|=24$ and$|S_3\oplus {\mathbb{Z}}_2|=12$. Hence there cannot exist such a homomorphism$f$ and so $\oplus$ is not a categorical coproduct.$\mathrm{\square }$

2 Infinite products and coproducts

In an abelian category, for example the category of abelian groups or a category of modules, the direct sum is the categorical coproduct. Thus a commonmisreading of Proposition 1 is to declare

“ In an abelian category the product and coproduct are equivalent. ”

Indeed, this is true only if the index set $I$ of the family of objects is finite. A simple cardinality test demonstrates the flaw.

Example. Suppose that $I=\mathbb{N}$ and $G_i={\mathbb{Z}}_2$.Then the product of ${\prod }_{i\in \mathbb{N}}{\mathbb{Z}}_2$ can be equatedwith the set of all functions $f:\mathbb{N}\to {\mathbb{Z}}_2$ – that is, all infinite sequences of binary digits. This has cardinality $2^{{\mathrm{\aleph }}_0}$ which is uncountable.

On the other hand, the direct sum (coproduct in this context) of this family is the set of all finite binary strings, which is countable. Therefore these two objects cannot be isomorphic in the category. $\mathrm{\square }$

3 Common categories without (co)products

Let FinGrp be the category of all finite groups. This category does not inherit the standard products and coproduct of the category of all groups Grp. For example,

$$\prod _{\mathbb{N}}{\mathbb{Z}}_2\text{ and }\coprod _{\mathbb{N}}{\mathbb{Z}}_2$$

are both infinite groups and so they do not lie in the category FinGrp.Indeed, this example could be done with the category of finite sets FinSet inside the category of all sets Set, and many other such categories.

However, we have not yet demonstrated that no alternate product and/or coproduct for the category FinGrp, FinSet, etc does not exist.

4 Common subcategories with different (co)products

Consider once again the category of all groups Grp. Inside thiscategory lies the category of all abelian groups AbGrp. However, the coproduct for groups is the free product $(*)$ but the coproduct for abelian groups is direct sum $(\oplus )$. These are inequivelent.

Example. $\mathbb{Z}*\mathbb{Z}$ is the free group on two elements – and so non-abelian – while $\mathbb{Z}\oplus \mathbb{Z}$ is abelian. $\mathrm{\square }$