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单词 DimensionFormulaeForVectorSpaces
释义

dimension formulae for vector spaces


In this entry we look at various formulaeinvolving the dimensionPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmath of a vector spaceMathworldPlanetmath.

Throughout this entry, K will be a field,and V and W will be vector spaces over K.The dimension of a vector space U over Kwill be denoted by dim(U),or by dimK(U) if the ground field needs to be emphasized.

All of these formulae potentially involve infiniteMathworldPlanetmath cardinals,so the reader should have a basic knowledge of cardinal arithmeticin order to understand them in full generality.

Subspaces

If S and T are subspacesPlanetmathPlanetmath of V, then

dim(S)+dim(T)=dim(ST)+dim(S+T).

Rank-nullity theorem

The rank-nullity theoremMathworldPlanetmath states that if ϕ:VW is a linear mapping,then the dimension of Vis the sum of the dimensions of the image and kernel of ϕ:

dim(V)=dim(Imϕ)+dim(Kerϕ).

In particular, if U is a subspace of V then

dim(V)=dim(V/U)+dim(U).

The rank-nullity theorem can also be stated in terms of short exact sequencesMathworldPlanetmathPlanetmath:if

0UVW0

is a short exact sequence of vector spaces over K,then

dim(V)=dim(U)+dim(W).

This can be generalized to infinite exact sequencesMathworldPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmath:if

Vn+1VnVn-1

is an exact sequence of vector spaces over K,then

nevendim(Vn)=nodddim(Vn).

(This is indeed a generalizationPlanetmathPlanetmath,because any finite exact sequence of vectors spacesterminating with 0 at both endscan be considered as an infinite exact sequencein which all remaining terms are 0.)

Direct sums

If (Vi)iI is a family of vector spaces over K,then

dim(iIVi)=iIdim(Vi).

Cardinality of a vector space

The cardinality of a vector spaceis determined by its dimension and the cardinality of the ground field:

|V|={|K|dim(V),if dim(V) is finite;max{|K|,dim(V)},if dim(V) is infinite.

The effect of the above formulaMathworldPlanetmathPlanetmath is somewhat differentdepending on whether K is finite (http://planetmath.org/FiniteField) or infinite.If K is finite, then it reduces to

|V|={|K|dim(V),if dim(V) is finite;dim(V),if dim(V) is infinite.

If K is infinite, then it can be expressed as

|V|={1,if dim(V)=0;|K|,if 0<dim(V)|K|;dim(V),if dim(V)|K|.

Change of ground field

If F is a subfield of K,then V can be considered as a vector space over F.The dimensions of V over K and F are related by the formula

dimF(V)=[K:F]dimK(V).

In this formula, [K:F] is the degree of the field extension K/F,that is, the dimension of K considered as a vector space over F.

Space of functions into a vector space

If S is any set,then the set KS of all functions from S into Kbecomes a vector space over K if we define the operationsMathworldPlanetmath pointwise,that is, (f+g)(x)=f(x)+g(x) and (λf)(x)=λf(x)for all f,gKS, all xS, and all λK.The dimension of this vector space is given by

dim(KS)={|S|,if S is finite;|K||S|,if S is infinite.

The case where S is infinite is not straightforward to prove.Proofs can be found in books by Baer[1] and Jacobson[2],among others.

More generally, we can consider the space VS,which is really just the direct productMathworldPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmath (http://planetmath.org/DirectProduct) of copies of V indexed by S.We get

dim(VS)={0,if dim(V)=0;|S|dim(V),if S is finite;|V||S|,otherwise.

Dual space

Given any basis B of V,the dual spaceMathworldPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmath V*is isomorphicPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmath to KB via the mapping ff|B.So the formula of the previous sectionPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmathcan be applied to give a formula for the dimension of V*:

dim(V*)={dim(V),if dim(V) is finite;|K|dim(V),if dim(V) is infinite.

In particular, this formula implies that V is isomorphic to V*if and only if V is finite-dimensional.(Students who are familiar with the fact thatan infinite-dimensional Banach space can be isomorphic to its dualare sometimes surprised to learn that an infinite-dimensional vector spacecannot be isomorphic to its dual,for a Banach space is surely a vector space.But the term dual is used in different senses in these two statements,so there is no contradictionMathworldPlanetmathPlanetmath.In the theory of Banach spacesone is usually only interested in the continuousPlanetmathPlanetmath linear functionalsMathworldPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmath,and the resulting ‘continuous’ dualis a subspace of the full dual used in the above formula.)

Space of linear mappings

The set HomK(V,W) of all linear mappings from V into Wis itself a vector space over K,with the operations defined in the obvious way,namely (f+g)(x)=f(x)+g(x) and (λf)(x)=λf(x)for all f,gHomK(V,W), all xV, and all λK.The dual space V*=HomK(V,K) considered in the previous sectionis a special case of this.For any basis B of V, the mapping ff|Bdefines an isomorphismMathworldPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmath between HomK(V,W) and WB,so that from an earlier section we get

dim(HomK(V,W))={0,if dim(W)=0;dim(V)dim(W),if dim(V) is finite;|W|dim(V),otherwise.

In the special case W=V this can be simplified to

dim(EndK(V))={dim(V)2,if dim(V) is finite;|K|dim(V),otherwise.

Tensor products

The dimension of the tensor productPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmath (http://planetmath.org/TensorProduct) of V and W is given by

dim(VW)=dim(V)dim(W).

Banach spaces

The dimension of a Banach space,considered as a vector space,is sometimes called the Hamel dimension,in order to distinguish it from other concepts of dimension.For an infinite-dimensional Banach space B we have

dim(B)=|B|.

The tricky part of establishing this formulais to show that the dimension is alwaysat least the cardinality of the continuumMathworldPlanetmath.A short proof of this is given in a paper by Lacey[3].

The above formula suggests that Hamel dimensionis not a very useful concept for infinite-dimensional Banach spaces,which is indeed the case.Nonetheless, it is interesting to see how Hamel dimension relates tothe usual concept of dimension in Hilbert spacesMathworldPlanetmath.If H is a Hilbert space,and d is its dimension(meaning the cardinality of an orthonormal basis),then the Hamel dimension dim(H) is given by

dim(H)={d,if d is finite;d0,if d is infinite.

References

  • 1 Reinhold Baer,Linear AlgebraMathworldPlanetmath and Projective Geometry,Academic Press, 1952.
  • 2 Nathan Jacobson,Lectures in Abstract Algebra,Volume II: Linear Algebra,D. Van Nostrand Company Inc., 1953.
  • 3 H. Elton Lacey,The Hamel Dimension of any Infinite Dimensional Separable Banach Space is c,Amer. Math. Mon. 80 (1973), 298.
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