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单词 ExampleOfAlgebrasAndCoalgebrasWhichCannotBeTurnedIntoHopfAlgebras
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example of algebras and coalgebras which cannot be turned into Hopf algebras


Let H=𝕄n(k) be a matrix algebra over a field k with standard multiplicationPlanetmathPlanetmath and assume that n>1. Assume that H can be turned into a Hopf algebra. In particular, there is ε:Hk such that ε is a morphism of algebrasPlanetmathPlanetmath. It can be shown that matrix algebra is simple, i.e. if IH is a two-sided idealMathworldPlanetmath, then I=0 or I=H. Thus we have that kerε=0 (because ε(1)=1). ContradictionMathworldPlanetmathPlanetmath, because dimkH>1=dimkk.

Now consider H=𝕄c(n,k) a vector spaceMathworldPlanetmath of all n×n matrices over k. We introduce coalgebra structureMathworldPlanetmath on H. Let Eij be a matrix in H with 1 in (i,j) place and 0 everywhere else. Of course {Eij} forms a basis of H and it is sufficient to define comultiplication and counit on it. Define

Δ(Eij)=p=1nEipEpj;
ε(Eij)=δij,

where δij denotes Kronecker delta. It can be easily checked, that (𝕄c(n,k),Δ,ε) is a coalgebra known as the matrix coalgebra. Also, is well known that the dual algebra 𝕄c(n,k)* is isomorphicPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmath to the standard matrix algebra.

Now assume that matrix coalgebra H=𝕄c(n,k) (where n>1) can be turned into a Hopf algebra. Since H is finite dimensional, then we can take dual Hopf algebra H*. But the underlaying algebra structure of H* is isomorphic to a matrix algebra (as we remarked earlier), which we’ve already shown to be impossible. Thus matrix coalgebra cannot be turned into a Hopf algebra.

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更新时间:2025/5/4 5:41:02