Gelfand-Naimark-Segal construction

1 GNS Construction

The Gelfand-Naimark-Segal construction (or GNS construction) is a fundamental idea in the of . It provides a procedure to construct and study representations of $C^{*}$-algebras (http://planetmath.org/CAlgebra) and is the first step on the proof of the Gelfand-Naimark representation theorem, which that every $C^{*}$-algebra is isometrically isomorphic to a closed *-subalgebra of $B(H)$, the algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space $H$.

There are generalizations of this construction for Banach *-algebras with an approximate unit, and some of the results stated here are in fact valid for this kind of algebras, but we will restrict our attention to the $C^{*}$ case.

2 Representations associated with positive linear functionals

Let $𝒜$ be a $C^{*}$-algebra and $\varphi$ a positive linear functional in $𝒜$.

We are going to construct a representation ${\pi }_{\varphi }$ of $𝒜$ and for that we need to construct a suitable Hilbert space.

Let us endow $𝒜$ with a semi-inner product defined by ${⟨x,y⟩}_{\varphi }:=\varphi (y^{*}x)$. Now we define the set

$$N_{\varphi }:=\{x\in 𝒜:{⟨x,x⟩}_{\varphi }=0\}$$

It is easily seen that $N_{\varphi }$ is a closed left ideal (http://planetmath.org/Ideal) in $𝒜$ (using the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, which is valid in semi-inner product spaces), so that ${⟨\cdot ,\cdot ⟩}_{\varphi }$ induces a well defined inner product on the quotient (http://planetmath.org/QuotientModule) $𝒜/N_{\varphi }$. The completion of $𝒜/N_{\varphi }$ is then an Hilbert space, which we will be denoted by $H_{\varphi }$.

We will now define a representation of $𝒜$ on $H_{\varphi }$ by left multiplication. For every $a\in 𝒜$ let ${\pi }_{\varphi }(a)$ be the operator of left multiplication by $a$ on $𝒜/N_{\varphi }$, i.e.

$$\pi (a)(x+N_{\varphi }):=ax+N_{\varphi }$$

$$

Theorem 1 - The function ${\pi }_{\varphi }(a):𝒜/N_{\varphi }⟶𝒜/N_{\varphi }$ defined above is linear and bounded (http://planetmath.org/BoundedOperator), with $\parallel {\pi }_{\varphi }(a)\parallel \le \parallel a\parallel$.

$$

Being bounded, the operator ${\pi }_{\varphi }(a)$ extends uniquely to a bounded operator on $H_{\varphi }$, which we denote by the same symbol, ${\pi }_{\varphi }(a)$.

Let $B(H_{\varphi })$ be the algebra of bounded operators on $H_{\varphi }$.

$$

Theorem 2 - The function ${\pi }_{\varphi }:𝒜⟶B(H_{\varphi })$ defined by $a\mapsto {\pi }_{\varphi }(a)$ is a $C^{*}$-algebra representation of $𝒜$.

This representation is called the GNS representation associated to $\varphi$.

3 Cyclic vectors and GNS pairs

Suppose $𝒜$ had an identity element $e$. In this case it is easily seen that there exists a cyclic vector ${\xi }_{\varphi }\in H_{\varphi }$, i.e. a vector ${\xi }_{\varphi }$ such that ${\pi }_{\varphi }(𝒜){\xi }_{\varphi }$ is dense (http://planetmath.org/Dense) in $H_{\varphi }$. This cyclic vector can just be chosen as $e+N_{\varphi }$.

Moreoever, this cyclic vector ${\xi }_{\varphi }:=e+N_{\varphi }$ is such that $\varphi (a)={⟨{\pi }_{\varphi }(a){\xi }_{\varphi },{\xi }_{\varphi }⟩}_{\varphi }$ for every $a\in 𝒜$.

Thus, in this case the representation ${\pi }_{\varphi }$ is cyclic (http://planetmath.org/BanachAlgebraRepresentation) and $\varphi$ is a vector state of $𝒜$. The result is still valid for general $C^{*}$-algebras:

$$

Theorem 3 - Let ${\pi }_{\varphi }$ be the representation of $𝒜$ defined previously. Then there exists a vector ${\xi }_{\varphi }\in H_{\varphi }$ such that

• ${\pi }_{\varphi }(𝒜){\xi }_{\varphi }$ is dense in $H_{\varphi }$, i.e. ${\pi }_{\varphi }$ is cyclic,

• $\varphi (a)={⟨{\pi }_{\varphi }(a){\xi }_{\varphi },{\xi }_{\varphi }⟩}_{\varphi }$ for every $a\in 𝒜$, i.e. $\varphi$ is a vector state.

$$

Any pair $(\pi ,\xi )$, where $\pi$ is a representation of $𝒜$ on a Hilbert space $H$ and $\xi \in H$, satisfying the above conditions for $\varphi$:

• $\pi (𝒜)\xi$ is dense in $H$,

• $\varphi (a)=⟨\pi (a)\xi ,\xi ⟩$ for every $a\in 𝒜$

is called a GNS pair for $\varphi$.

$$

Theorem 4 - All GNS pairs for $\varphi$ are (in the sense that the corresponding representations are unitarily equivalent).

4 Irreducible representations

We know that are ”plenty” of states on $C^{*}$-algebra (see this entry (http://planetmath.org/PropertiesOfStates)), and so we have assured the existence of many (cyclic) representations. An interesting fact is that this representations associated to states are irreducible (http://planetmath.org/BanachAlgebraRepresentation) exactly when the state is a pure state:

$$

Theorem 5 - Let $\varphi$ be a state on $𝒜$. Then the representation ${\pi }_{\varphi }$ is irreducible if and only if $\varphi$ is a pure state.

$$

The fact that there are ”plenty” of pure states in a $C^{*}$-algebra allows one to assure the existence of irreducible representations that preserve the norm of a given element in $𝒜$.

$$

Theorem 6 - Let $𝒜$ be a $C^{*}$-algebra. For every element $a$ there exists an irreducible representation $\pi$ of $𝒜$ such that $\parallel \pi (a)\parallel =\parallel a\parallel$.

$$

This last theorem is a fundamental step in the proof of the Gelfand-Naimark representation theorem.

Title	Gelfand-Naimark-Segal construction
Canonical name	GelfandNaimarkSegalConstruction
Date of creation	2013-03-22 17:47:40
Last modified on	2013-03-22 17:47:40
Owner	asteroid (17536)
Last modified by	asteroid (17536)
Numerical id	10
Author	asteroid (17536)
Entry type	Feature
Classification	msc 46L30
Classification	msc 46L05
Synonym	GNS construction
Related topic	CAlgebra
Related topic	CAlgebra3
Related topic	RepresentationOfAC_cG_dTopologicalAlgebra
Defines	GNS pair
Defines	GNS representation
Defines	pure states and irreducible representations