“Quadratic Curve”的概念、定义、习题解题方法及翻译-数学辞典

单词

Quadratic Curve

释义

Quadratic Curve

The general 2-variable quadratic equation can be written

(1)

Define the following quantities:

			(2)
			(3)
			(4)
			(5)

Then the quadratics are classified into the types summarized in the following table (Beyer 1987). The real (nondegenerate)quadratics (the Ellipse, Hyperbola, and Parabola) correspond to the curves which can be created by theintersection of a Plane with a (two-Nappes) Cone, and are therefore known as ConicSections.

Curve
Coincident Lines	0	0	0
Ellipse (Imaginary)
Ellipse (Real)
Hyperbola
Intersecting Lines (Imaginary)	0
Intersecting Lines (Real)	0
Parabola		0
Parallel Lines (Imaginary)	0	0
Parallel Lines (Real)	0	0

It is always possible to eliminate the cross term by a suitable Rotation of the axes. To see this, considerrotation by an arbitrary angle . The Rotation Matrix is


			(6)

			(7)
			(8)
			(9)
			(10)
			(11)

Plugging these into (1) gives





	(12)

Rewriting,





	(13)

Grouping terms,





	(14)

Comparing the Coefficients with (1) gives an equation of the form

(15)

where the new Coefficients are

			(16)
			(17)
			(18)
			(19)
			(20)
			(21)

The cross term

can therefore be made to vanish by setting


			(22)

For

to be zero, it must be true that

(23)

The other components are then given with the aid of the identity

(24)

by defining

(25)

(26)

(27)

Rotating by an angle

(28)

therefore transforms (1) into

(29)

Completing the Square,

(30)

(31)

Defining

, and

gives

(32)

, then divide both sides by

. Defining

and

then gives

(33)

Therefore, in an appropriate coordinate system, the general Conic Sectioncan be written (dropping the primes) as

(34)

Consider an equation of the form where . Re-express this using and in the form

(35)

Therefore, rotate the Coordinate System

(36)





	(37)

and

			(38)
			(39)
			(40)

Therefore,


			(41)


			(42)

From (41) and (42),

(43)

the same angle as before. But



			(44)

(45)

Rewriting and copying (41),


			(46)
			(47)

Adding (46) and (47) gives

			(48)

			(49)

Note that these Roots can also be found from

(50)




	(51)

The original problem is therefore equivalent to looking for a solution to

(52)

(53)

which gives the simultaneous equations

(54)

Let be any point with old coordinates and be its newcoordinates. Then

(55)

and

			(56)
			(57)

and

are both

, the curve is an Ellipse. If

and

are both

, the curve is empty.If

and

have opposite Signs, the curve is a Hyperbola. If either is 0, the curve is a Parabola.

To find the general form of a quadratic curve in Polar Coordinates (as given, for example, in Moulton 1970), plug and into (1) to obtain

(58)

(59)

Define

. For

,we can divide through by

(60)

Applying the Quadratic Formula gives

(61)

where


			(62)

Using the trigonometric identities

			(63)
			(64)

it follows that




			(65)

Defining

			(66)
			(67)
			(68)
			(69)
			(70)

then gives the equation

(71)

(Moulton 1970). If

, then (0) becomes instead

(72)

Therefore, the general form of a quadratic curve in polar coordinates is given by

(73)

See also Conic Section, Discriminant (Quadratic Curve), Elliptic Curve
References

Beyer, W. H. CRC Standard Mathematical Tables, 28th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 200-201, 1987.

Casey, J. ``The General Equation of the Second Degree.'' Ch. 4 in A Treatise on the Analytical Geometry of the Point, Line, Circle, and Conic Sections, Containing an Account of Its Most Recent Extensions, with Numerous Examples, 2nd ed., rev. enl. Dublin: Hodges, Figgis, & Co., pp. 151-172, 1893.

Moulton, F. R. ``Law of Force in Binary Stars'' and ``Geometrical Interpretation of the Second Law.'' §58 and 59 in An Introduction to Celestial Mechanics, 2nd rev. ed. New York: Dover, pp. 86-89, 1970.

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