Kuratowski's Closure-Component Problem

Let be an arbitrary Topological Space.Denote the Closure of a Subset of by and the complement of by . Then at most 14 different Sets can be derived from byrepeated application of closure and complementation (Berman and Jordan 1975, Fife 1991). The problem was first proved byKuratowski (1922) and popularized by Kelley (1955).

References

Anusiak, J. and Shum, K. P. ``Remarks on Finite Topological Spaces.'' Colloq. Math. 23, 217-223, 1971.

Aull, C. E. ``Classification of Topological Spaces.'' Bull. de l'Acad. Pol. Sci. Math. Astron. Phys. 15, 773-778, 1967.

Baron, S. Advanced Problem 5569. Amer. Math. Monthly 75, 199, 1968.

Berman, J. and Jordan, S. L. ``The Kuratowski Closure-Complement Problem.'' Amer. Math. Monthly 82, 841-842, 1975.

Buchman, E. ``Problem E 3144.'' Amer. Math. Monthly 93, 299, 1986.

Chagrov, A. V. ``Kuratowski Numbers, Application of Functional Analysis in Approximation Theory.'' Kalinin: Kalinin Gos. Univ., pp. 186-190, 1982.

Chapman, T. A. ``A Further Note on Closure and Interior Operators.'' Amer. Math. Monthly 69, 524-529, 1962.

Fife, J. H. ``The Kuratowski Closure-Complement Problem.'' Math. Mag. 64, 180-182, 1991.

Fishburn, P. C. ``Operations on Binary Relations.'' Discrete Math. 21, 7-22, 1978.

Graham, R. L.; Knuth, D. E.; and Motzkin, T. S. ``Complements and Transitive Closures.'' Discrete Math. 2, 17-29, 1972.

Hammer, P. C. ``Kuratowski's Closure Theorem.'' Nieuw Arch. Wisk. 8, 74-80, 1960.

Herda, H. H. and Metzler, R. C. ``Closure and Interior in Finite Topological Spaces.'' Colloq. Math. 15, 211-216, 1966.

Kelley, J. L. General Topology. Princeton: Van Nostrand, p. 57, 1955.

Koenen, W. ``The Kuratowski Closure Problem in the Topology of Convexity.'' Amer. Math. Monthly 73, 704-708, 1966.

Kuratowski, C. ``Sur l'operation A de l'analysis situs.'' Fund. Math. 3, 182-199, 1922.

Langford, E. ``Characterization of Kuratowski 14-Sets.'' Amer. Math. Monthly 78, 362-367, 1971.

Levine, N. ``On the Commutativity of the Closure and Interior Operators in Topological Spaces.'' Amer. Math. Monthly 68, 474-477, 1961.

Moser, L. E. ``Closure, Interior, and Union in Finite Topological Spaces.'' Colloq. Math. 38, 41-51, 1977.

Munkres, J. R. Topology: A First Course. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1975.

Peleg, D. ``A Generalized Closure and Complement Phenomenon.'' Discrete Math. 50, 285-293, 1984.

Shum, K. P. ``On the Boundary of Kuratowski 14-Sets in Connected Spaces.'' Glas. Mat. Ser. III 19, 293-296, 1984.

Shum, K. P. ``The Amalgamation of Closure and Boundary Functions on Semigroups and Partially Ordered Sets.'' In Proceedings of the Conference on Ordered Structures and Algebra of Computer Languages. Singapore: World Scientific, pp. 232-243, 1993.

Smith, A. Advanced Problem 5996. Amer. Math. Monthly 81, 1034, 1974.

Soltan, V. P. ``On Kuratowski's Problem.'' Bull. Acad. Polon. Sci. Ser. Sci. Math. 28, 369-375, 1981.

Soltan, V. P. ``Problems of Kuratowski Type.'' Mat. Issled. 65, 121-131 and 155, 1982.

• Welch Apodization Function
• Well-Defined
• Well-Ordered Set
• Well-Ordering Principle
• Werner Formulas
• Weyl's Criterion
• Weyl Tensor
• Weyrich's Formula
• W-Function
• Wheat and Chessboard Problem
• Wheel
• Wheel Graph
• Wheel Paradox
• Whewell Equation
• Whipple's Transformation
• Whirl
• Whisker Plot
• Whitehead Double
• Whitehead Link
• Whitehead Manifold
• Whitehead's Theorem
• Whitney-Graustein Theorem
• Whitney-Mikhlin Extension Constants
• Whitney Singularity
• Whitney Sum