properties of the Jacobson radical
Theorem:
Let be rings and be a surjective homomorphism
. Then .
Proof:
We shall use the characterization of the Jacobson radical as the set of all such that for all , is left invertible.
Let . We claim that is left invertible:
Since is surjective, for some . Since , we know is left invertible, so there exists such that. Then we have
So as required.
Theorem:
Let be rings. Then .
Proof:
Let be a (surjective) projection.By the previous theorem, .
Similarly let be a (surjective) projection. We see that .
Now take . Note that and . Hence as required.