simple algebraic system

An algebraic system $A$ is simple if the only congruences on it are $A\\times A$ and $\\Delta$ , the diagonal relation.

For example, let’s find out what are the simple algebras in the class of groups. Let $G$ be a group that is simple in the sense defined above.

First, what are the congruences on $G$ ? A congruence $C$ on $G$ is a subgroup of $G\\times G$ and an equivalence relation on $G$ at the same time. As an equivalence relation, $C$ corresponds to a partition of $G$ in the following manner: $G=\\bigcup_{i\\in I}N_{i}$ and $C=\\bigcup_{i\\in I}N_{i}^{2}$ , where $N_{i}\\cap N_{j}=\\varnothing$ for $i\eq j$ . Each of the $N_{i}$ is an equivalence class of $C$ . Let $N$ be the equivalence class containing $1$ . If $a,b\\in N$ , then $[a]=[b]=[1]$ , so that $[ab]=[a][b]=[1][1]=[1]$ , or $ab\\in N$ . In addition, $[a^{-1}]=[1][a^{-1}]=[a][a^{-1}]=[aa^{-1}]=[1]$ , so $a^{1}\\in N$ . $N$ is a subgroup of $G$ . Furthermore, if $c\\in G$ , $[cac^{-1}]=[c][a][c^{-1}]=[c][1][c^{-1}]=[cc^{-1}]=[1]$ , so that $cac^{-1}\\in N$ , $N$ is a normal subgroup of $G$ . Conversely, given a normal subgroup $N$ of $G$ , forming left (right) cosets $N_{i}$ of $N$ , and taking $C=\\bigcup_{i\\in I}N_{i}^{2}$ gives us the congruence $C$ on $G$ .

Now, if $G$ is simple, then this says that the only congruences on $G$ are $G\\times G$ and $\\Delta$ , which corresponds to $G$ having $G$ and $\\langle 1\\rangle$ as the only normal subgroups. So, $G$ as a simple algebra is just a simple group. Conversely, if $G$ is a simple group, then the only congruences on $G$ are those corresponding to $G$ and $\\langle 1\\rangle$ , the only normal subgroups of $G$ . Therefore, a simple group is a simple algebra.

Remark. Any simple algebraic system is subdirectly irreducible.

单词	SimpleAlgebraicSystem
释义	simple algebraic system An algebraic system $A$ is simple if the only congruences on it are $A\\times A$ and $\\Delta$ , the diagonal relation. For example, let’s find out what are the simple algebras in the class of groups. Let $G$ be a group that is simple in the sense defined above. First, what are the congruences on $G$ ? A congruence $C$ on $G$ is a subgroup of $G\\times G$ and an equivalence relation on $G$ at the same time. As an equivalence relation, $C$ corresponds to a partition of $G$ in the following manner: $G=\\bigcup_{i\\in I}N_{i}$ and $C=\\bigcup_{i\\in I}N_{i}^{2}$ , where $N_{i}\\cap N_{j}=\\varnothing$ for $i\eq j$ . Each of the $N_{i}$ is an equivalence class of $C$ . Let $N$ be the equivalence class containing $1$ . If $a,b\\in N$ , then $[a]=[b]=[1]$ , so that $[ab]=[a][b]=[1][1]=[1]$ , or $ab\\in N$ . In addition, $[a^{-1}]=[1][a^{-1}]=[a][a^{-1}]=[aa^{-1}]=[1]$ , so $a^{1}\\in N$ . $N$ is a subgroup of $G$ . Furthermore, if $c\\in G$ , $[cac^{-1}]=[c][a][c^{-1}]=[c][1][c^{-1}]=[cc^{-1}]=[1]$ , so that $cac^{-1}\\in N$ , $N$ is a normal subgroup of $G$ . Conversely, given a normal subgroup $N$ of $G$ , forming left (right) cosets $N_{i}$ of $N$ , and taking $C=\\bigcup_{i\\in I}N_{i}^{2}$ gives us the congruence $C$ on $G$ . Now, if $G$ is simple, then this says that the only congruences on $G$ are $G\\times G$ and $\\Delta$ , which corresponds to $G$ having $G$ and $\\langle 1\\rangle$ as the only normal subgroups. So, $G$ as a simple algebra is just a simple group. Conversely, if $G$ is a simple group, then the only congruences on $G$ are those corresponding to $G$ and $\\langle 1\\rangle$ , the only normal subgroups of $G$ . Therefore, a simple group is a simple algebra. Remark. Any simple algebraic system is subdirectly irreducible.
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