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单词 FullFamiliesOfHopfiancoHopfianGroups
释义

full families of Hopfian (co-Hopfian) groups


PropositionPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmath. Let {Gi}iI be a full family of groups. Then each Gi is Hopfian (co-Hopfian) if and only if iIGi is Hopfian (co-Hopfian).

Proof. ,,” Let

f:iIGiiIGi

be a surjectivePlanetmathPlanetmath (injectivePlanetmathPlanetmath) homomorphismMathworldPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmath. Since {Gi}iI is full, then there exists family of homomorphisms {fi:GiGi}iI such that

f=iIfi.

Of course since f is surjective (injective), then each fi is surjective (injective). Thus each fi is an isomorphismMathworldPlanetmathPlanetmath, because each Gi is Hopfian (co-Hopfian). Therefore f is an isomorphism, because

f-1=iIfi-1.

,,” Fix jI and assume that fj:GjGj is a surjective (injective) homomorphism. For iI such that ij define fi:GiGi to be any automorphism of Gi. Then

iIfi:iIGiiIGi

is a surjective (injective) group homomorphism. Since iIGi is Hopfian (co-Hopfian) then iIfi is an isomorphism. Thus each fi is an isomorphism. In particular fj is an isomorphism, which completesPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmath the proof.

Example. Let 𝒫={p|p is prime} and 𝒫0 be any subset of 𝒫. Then

pP0p

is both Hopfian and co-Hopfian.

Proof. It is easy to see that {p}p𝒫 is full, so {p}p𝒫0 is also full. Moreover for any pP0 the group p is finite, so both Hopfian and co-Hopfian. Therefore (due to proposition)

pP0p

is both Hopfian and co-Hopfian.

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更新时间:2025/5/3 16:04:14