“Derivative”的概念、定义、习题解题方法及翻译-数学辞典

单词

Derivative

释义

Derivative

The derivative of a Function represents an infinitesimal change in the function with respect to whatever parameters itmay have. The ``simple'' derivative of a function with respect to is denoted either or (andoften written in-line as ). When derivatives are taken with respect to time, they are often denoted usingNewton's Fluxion notation, . The derivative of a function withrespect to the variable is defined as

(1)

Note that in order for the limit to exist, both

and

must exist and be equal, so theFunction must be continuous. However, continuity is a Necessary but not Sufficient condition fordifferentiability. Since some Discontinuous functions can be integrated, in a sense there are ``more'' functionswhich can be integrated than differentiated. In a letter to Stieltjes, Hermite

wrote, ``I recoil with dismay andhorror at this lamentable plague of functions which do not have derivatives.''

A 3-D generalization of the derivative to an arbitrary direction is known as the Directional Derivative. In general,derivatives are mathematical objects which exist between smooth functions on manifolds. In this formalism, derivatives areusually assembled into ``Tangent Maps.''

Simple derivatives of some simple functions follow.

	(2)
	(3)
	(4)
	(5)
	(6)
	(7)
	(8)
	(9)
	(10)
	(11)
	(12)
	(13)
	(14)
	(15)
	(16)
	(17)
	(18)
	(19)
	(20)
	(21)
	(22)
	(23)
	(24)
	(25)
	(26)

Derivatives of sums are equal to the sum of derivatives so that

(27)

In addition, if

is a constant,

(28)

Furthermore,

(29)

where

denotes the Derivative of

with respect to

. This derivative rule can be applied iteratively toyield derivate rules for products of three or more functions, for example,


			(30)

Other rules involving derivatives include the Chain Rule, Power Rule, Product Rule, and Quotient Rule. Miscellaneous other derivative identities include

(31)

(32)

, where

is a constant, then

(33)

(34)

A vector derivative of a vector function

(35)

can be defined by

(36)

See also Blancmange Function, Carathéodory Derivative, Comma Derivative,Convective Derivative, Covariant Derivative, Directional Derivative, Euler-Lagrange Derivative,Fluxion, Fractional Calculus, Fréchet Derivative, Lagrangian Derivative,Lie Derivative, Power Rule, Schwarzian Derivative, Semicolon Derivative, WeierstraßFunction

References

Abramowitz, M. and Stegun, C. A. (Eds.). Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables, 9th printing. New York: Dover, p. 11, 1972.

Anton, H. Calculus with Analytic Geometry, 5th ed. New York: Wiley, 1987.

Beyer, W. H. ``Derivatives.'' CRC Standard Mathematical Tables, 28th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 229-232, 1987.

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