Measurement of a Circle
(Archimedes) 18
measures of central tendency
480
measures of dispersion
480–482
measure theory 58, 307
Mécanique analytique
(Lagrange) 299
Mécanique céleste (Laplace)
67, 245
Mechanica (Euler) 173, 393
mechanics 8
median 174–175, 480
median of triangle 335,
335–336, 338, 507
Meditationes algebraicae
(Waring) 229
mega- (10
6
) 465
Melancholia (Dürer) 149, 325
“Mémoire sur les équations
algébriques” (Abel) 5
“Mémoire sur quelques
propriétés remarquables des
quantités transcendantes
circulaires et logarithmiques”
(Lambert) 300
“A Memoir on the Geometric
Representation of Imaginary
Numbers” (Français) 25
Memoir on the Theory of
Matrices (Cayley) 68
Menabrea, Luigi 322
Menelaus 17, 336
Menelaus’s theorem 70, 336,
336
Mercator (cartographer). See
Kremer, Gerhard
Mercator, Nicolaus
(mathematician) 337
Mercator’s expansion 4, 337
Mercator’s projection 91, 337
Méré, Chevalier de 414
meridian 154–155
Mersenne, Marin 189,
337–338, 389
Mersenne prime 338, 389,
410
Metaphysics (Aristotle) 498
meter 465
method. See algorithm
method of exhaustion 18, 20,
57, 67, 172
method of indivisibles 67
Methodus incrementorum
directa et inversa (Taylor)
494
Metrica (Heron) 248, 249
micro- (10
-6
) 465
middle-square method 436
midpoint 76, 338
midrange 480
Mihailescu, Preda 64
mile 309–310
milli- (10
-3
) 465
minimax strategy 217
minimax theorem 218
minimum. See
maximum/minimum
minor arc 18
minor premise 27
minuend 487
minus sign 131, 398, 486,
487
minute (measure of angle) 14
Mirifici logarithmorum
canonis descriptio (Napier)
346
Miscellanea analytica (De
Moivre) 122
mixed strategy (game theory)
217–218
mixed surd 490
Miyoshi, Kazunori 393
Möbius, August Ferdinand
338–339, 340
Möbius band (strip) 294–295,
339–340, 340, 369
Möbius function 339
Möbius inversion formula
339
mode 480
modular arithmetic 59,
71–72, 92, 147, 174, 218,
340–342, 436
modulus. See absolute value
monic 305
monohedral tessellation
496–497
monomial 342
monomino 406
Monte Carlo method
342–343
Monty Hall problem 343
Mordell conjecture 190
Morgan, Frank 469
Morgenstern, Oskar 216,
350–351
Morley, Frank 343
Morley’s theorem 343
Morrison, Nathan 296
mortality tables. See life tables
multi-choosing 81–82
multiplicand 344
multiplication 5, 86, 86, 146,
205, 343–344, 370
multiplication law 367
multiplication principle
(fundamental principle of
counting) 344
and permutations 391
multiplication rule
for exponents 180–181
in probability theory 416,
416–417
multiplicative identity 257
multiplicative inverse 449
multiplier 344
multivariate analysis 197
mutually exclusive. See
pairwise disjoint
mutually exclusive events
(disjoint events) 344
mutually orthogonal 302
Mysterium cosmographicum
(Kepler) 292
N
Nakayama, Kazuhiko 393
nano- (10
-9
) 465
Napier, John 74, 293,
319–320, 345, 345–346, 466
Napier’s bones (rods) 74, 346,
346, 347
Napier’s formulae 346
Napier’s inequality 268
Napoléon’s theorem 507
nappe 91–93, 473
Nash, John 346–348, 415
Nash equilibrium 413
Natural and Political
Observations Made upon the
Bills of Mortality (Graunt)
312
natural number 106, 129,
348, 358, 385
See also whole number
naught. See zero
Nave, Hannibal 191
n-dimensional kissing number
472
n-dimensional space 68, 472
nearest-neighbor algorithm
505
negation (‘not’ statement)
348, 514
negative coordinates 63
negative infinity 121
negatively oriented 369, 448
negatively skewed 465, 480,
480
negative numbers 48, 51,
348–349, 358, 408
negative slope 467
neo-Pythagorean mean 333
nested multiplication 349,
349–350, 350, 405
net (accounting) 350
net (geometry) 350, 350
net (of hypercubes) 256
net weight 350
network. See graph
Neumann, John von 350–351,
393
neutral element. See identity
element
New Experiments concerning
Vacuums (Pascal) 382
Newton, Sir Isaac 93, 122,
125, 132, 169, 180, 282,
292, 324, 351–353, 352,
452, 523, 528
and binomial theorem 45
and discovery of calculus
57–58, 211, 227, 240,
272, 308–309, 352, 494
and fluxions 198
and polar coordinates 63,
400
and three-dimensional
kissing number 472
Newton number 472
Newton quotient 132, 360
Newton’s method 46, 249,
286, 353–354, 451
Newton’s third law of motion
9
A New Treatise of Fluxions
(Simpson) 464
Neyman, Jerzy 354
n-fold rotational symmetry
490
n-gon 97, 402
Nicomachos of Gerasa 389
nine-point circle 354
node 148, 233, 493
Noether, Amalie (Emmy) 10,
354–355
n-omino 406
noncontradiction, law of 304
“Non-Cooperative Games”
(Nash) 347
nondegenerate quadrics 411
nondeterministic polynomial
time 357
nonempty set 162
non-Euclidean geometry 159,
171, 227, 255, 314,
355–356, 377, 473–474
discovery of 46, 318, 455
vs. Euclidean geometry
294
nonmeasurable sets 24
nonnegative 408
nonpositive 408
nonrepeating decimals 441
nontrivial solution 514
nonzero-sum game theory 347
normal distribution 69–70,
72, 122, 143, 356, 356–357,
414, 482, 483, 486
normal to a curve 357
normal to a plane 357
normal to a surface 357
“Note on the Application of
Machinery to the
Computation of
Astronomical and
Mathematical Tables”
(Babbage) 32–33
“Note sur une équation aux
differences finie” (Catalan)
64
Notions sur la machine
analytique de Charles
Babbage (Menabrea) 322
Nova methodus pro maximis
et minimis (Leibniz) 309
Nova stereometria doliorum
(Kepler) 292–293
Novum Organum (Bacon) 452
NP complete 88, 357–358
n-polyomino 406
n-space. See Euclidean space
nth dihedral group 242
nth-order general linear group
(GL
n
) 222–223
nth-order root 451
562 Index