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单词 HomogeneousPolynomial1
释义

homogeneous polynomial


Let R be an associative ring. A (multivariate) polynomialMathworldPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmath f over R is said to be homogeneous of degree r if it is expressible as an R-linear combinationMathworldPlanetmath (http://planetmath.org/LinearCombination) of monomialsMathworldPlanetmathPlanetmath of degree r:

f(x1,,xn)=i=1maix1ri1xnrin,

where r=ri1++rin for all i{1,,m} and aiR.

A general homogeneous polynomialMathworldPlanetmathPlanetmath is also known sometimes as a polynomial form. A homogeneous polynomial of degree 1 is called a linear form; a homogeneous polynomial of degree 2 is called a quadratic formMathworldPlanetmath; and a homogeneous polynomial of degree 3 is called a cubic form.

Remarks.

  1. 1.

    If f is a homogeneous polynomial over a ring R with deg(f)=r, then f(tx1,,txn)=trf(x1,,xn). In fact, a homogeneous function that is also a polynomial is a homogeneous polynomial.

  2. 2.

    Every polynomial f over R can be expressed uniquely as a finite sum of homogeneous polynomials.The homogeneous polynomials that make up the polynomial f are called the homogeneous components of f.

  3. 3.

    If f and g are homogeneous polynomials of degree r and s over a domain R, then fg is homogeneous of degree r+s. From this, one sees that given a domain R, the ring R[𝑿] is a graded ringMathworldPlanetmath, where 𝑿 is a finite set of indeterminates. The condition that R does not have any zero divisorsMathworldPlanetmath is essential here. As a counterexample, in 6[x,y], if f(x,y)=2x+4y and g(x,y)=3x+3y, then f(x,y)g(x,y)=0.

Examples

  • f(x,y)=x2+xy+yx+y2 is a homogeneous polynomial of degree 2. Notice the middle two monomials could be combined into the monomial 2xy if the variables are allowed to commute with one another.

  • f(x)=x3+1 is not a homogeneous polynomial.

  • f(x,y,z)=x3+xyz+zyz+3xy2+x2-xy+y2+zy+z2+xz+y+2x+6 is a polynomial that is the sum of four homogeneouspolynomials: x3+xyz+zyz+3xy2 (with degree 3), x2-xy+y2+zy+z2+xz (degree = 2), y+2x (degree = 1) and6 (deg = 0).

  • Every symmetric polynomialMathworldPlanetmath can be written as a sum of symmetricPlanetmathPlanetmath homogeneous polynomials.

Titlehomogeneous polynomial
Canonical nameHomogeneousPolynomial1
Date of creation2013-03-22 14:53:42
Last modified on2013-03-22 14:53:42
OwnerCWoo (3771)
Last modified byCWoo (3771)
Numerical id17
AuthorCWoo (3771)
Entry typeDefinition
Classificationmsc 16R99
Classificationmsc 13B25
Classificationmsc 16S36
Classificationmsc 11E76
Synonympolynomial form
Related topicHomogeneousIdeal
Related topicHomogeneousFunction
Related topicHomogeneousEquation
Defineshomogeneous component
Definescubic form
Defineslinear form
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