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单词 TheoremOnSumsOfTwoSquaresByFermat
释义

theorem on sums of two squares by Fermat


Suppose that an odd prime number p can be written as the sum

p=a2+b2

where a and b are integers.  Then they have to be coprimeMathworldPlanetmath. We will show that p is of the form 4n+1.

Since  pb,  the congruenceMathworldPlanetmathPlanetmathPlanetmath

bb1 1(modp)

has a solution b1, whence

0pb12=(ab1)2+(bb1)2(ab1)2+1(modp),

and thus

(ab1)2-1(modp).

Consequently, the Legendre symbolMathworldPlanetmath (-1p) is +1, i.e.

(-1)p-12= 1.

Therefore, we must have

p= 4n+1(1)

where n is a positive integer.

Euler has first proved the following theorem presented byFermat and containing also the converseMathworldPlanetmath of the above claim.

Theorem(Thue’s lemma (http://planetmath.org/ThuesLemma)).  An odd prime p isuniquely expressible as sum of two squares of integers if andonly if it satisfies (1) with an integer value of n.

The theorem implies easily the

Corollary.  If all odd prime factors of a positiveinteger are congruent to 1 modulo 4 then the integer is a sumof two squares. (Cf. the proof of the parent article and the article“prime factorsMathworldPlanetmath of Pythagorean hypotenuses (http://planetmath.org/primefactorsofpythagoreanhypotenuses)”.)

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