connected sum
Let and be two -manifolds. Choose points and , and let beneighborhoods
of these points, respectively. Since and are manifolds, we may assumethat and are balls, with boundaries homeomorphic to -spheres, since this is possiblein . Then let be a homeomorphism. If and are oriented,this should be orientation preserving with respect to the induced orientation (that is, degree 1).Then the connected sum
is and glued along the boundaries by .
That is, is the disjoint union of and modulo the equivalence relation
if , and .