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Euler, Leonhard (1707–83) One of the most prolific of famous mathematicians and the greatest mathematician of the 18th century. He was born in Switzerland but is most closely associated with the Berlin of Frederick the Great and the St Petersburg of Catherine the Great. He worked in a highly productive period when the newly developed calculus was being extended in varied directions, and he made contributions to most areas of mathematics, pure and applied. Euler was also responsible for much notation that is standard today. Among his contributions to the language are the basic symbols, π, e and i, the summation notation ∑ and the standard function notation f(x). His Introductio in analysin infinitorum was the most important mathematics text of the late 18th century. From the vast bulk of his work, one famous result of which he was justifiably proud is his solution to the Basel problem:
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