Calculus
In general, ``a'' calculus is an abstract theory developed in a purely formal way.
``The'' calculus, more properly called Analysis (or Real Analysis or, in older literature, InfinitesimalAnalysis) is the branch of mathematics studying the rate of change of quantities (which can be interpreted asSlopes of curves) and the length, Area, and Volume of objects. The Calculus issometimes divided into Differential and Integral Calculus, concerned withDerivatives
and Integrals
respectively.
While ideas related to calculus had been known for some time (Archimedes' 
Exhaustion Method was a form ofcalculus), it was not until the independent work of Newton and Leibniz that the modern elegant toolsand ideas of calculus were developed. Even so, many years elapsed until the subject was put on a mathematicallyrigorous footing by mathematicians such as Weierstraß.
References
Anton, H. Calculus with Analytic Geometry, 5th ed. New York: Wiley, 1995. Apostol, T. M. Calculus, 2nd ed., Vol. 1: One-Variable Calculus, with an Introduction to Linear Algebra. Waltham, MA: Blaisdell, 1967. Apostol, T. M. Calculus, 2nd ed., Vol. 2: Multi-Variable Calculus and Linear Algebra, with Applications to Differential Equations and Probability. Waltham, MA: Blaisdell, 1969. Apostol, T. M.; Chrestenson, H. E.; Ogilvy, C. S.; Richmond, D. E.; and Schoonmaker, N. J. A Century of Calculus, Part I: 1894-1968. Washington, DC: Math. Assoc. Amer., 1992. Apostol, T. M.; Mugler, D. H.; Scott, D. R.; Sterrett, A. Jr.; and Watkins, A. E. A Century of Calculus, Part II: 1969-1991. Washington, DC: Math. Assoc. Amer., 1992. Ayres, F. Jr. and Mendelson, E. Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Differential and Integral Calculus, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990. Borden, R. S. A Course in Advanced Calculus. New York: Dover, 1998. Boyer, C. B. A History of the Calculus and Its Conceptual Development. New York: Dover, 1989. Brown, K. S. ``Calculus and Differential Equations.''http://www.seanet.com/~ksbrown/icalculu.htm. Courant, R. and John, F. Introduction to Calculus and Analysis, Vol. 1. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1999. Courant, R. and John, F. Introduction to Calculus and Analysis, Vol. 2. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990. Hahn, A. Basic Calculus: From Archimedes to Newton to Its Role in Science. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1998. Kaplan, W. Advanced Calculus, 4th ed. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1992. Marsden, J. E. and Tromba, A. J. Vector Calculus, 4th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman, 1996. Strang, G. Calculus. Wellesley, MA: Wellesley-Cambridge Press, 1991.
Calculus
- Exterior Snowflake
- Extrapolation
- Extra Strong Lucas Pseudoprime
- Extremal Coloring
- Extremal Graph
- Extremals
- Extreme and Mean Ratio
- Extreme Value Distribution
- Extreme Value Theorem
- Extremum
- Extremum Test
- Extrinsic Curvature
- Fabry Imbedding
- Face
- Facet
- Faceting
- Factor
- Factor Base
- Factor (Graph)
- Factor Group
- Factorial
- Factorial Moment
- Factorial Number
- Factorial Prime
- Factorial Sum